Oral Cancer: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

What Is Oral Cancer?

Oral cancer, also known as mouth cancer, is a type of cancer that develops in the tissues of the mouth or throat, according to the American Cancer Society. They explain that mouth cancer refers to malignant growths that occur in any part of the mouth, including the lips, tongue, cheeks, floor of the mouth, hard and soft palates, sinuses, and throat. This type of cancer typically begins as a sore or lump that does not go away and can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Oral cancer can manifest in various forms, such as squamous cell carcinoma, which is the most common type and originates in the flat cells lining the mouth and throat.

Oral Cancer Types

Oral cancer can manifest in various parts of the mouth and throat, each with its unique characteristics and challenges, according to the National Cancer Institute. Understanding the various types of oral cancer can help in recognizing symptoms and seeking appropriate medical care for each specific condition.

Common types of cancer include:

• Tongue Cancer: This type of cancer can affect any part of the tongue, but it most commonly occurs on the front two-thirds.

• Gum Cancer: Also known as gingival cancer, this type develops in the tissues of the gums.

• Hard/Soft Palate Cancer: This type affects the roof of the mouth, which includes both the hard and soft palates.

• Lip Cancer: This type of cancer typically occurs on the lower lip and is often associated with prolonged sun exposure.

• Inner Cheek Cancer: Also known as buccal mucosa cancer, this type develops in the lining of the cheeks.

By identifying the specific type of oral cancer, healthcare providers can tailor treatment plans to address the unique needs of each patient.

What Are the Risk Factors for Oral Cancer?

Understanding the risk factors for oral cancer is crucial for both prevention and early detection. By being aware of these risk factors, people can make informed lifestyle choices and seek medical advice when necessary, thereby reducing their risk and promoting early intervention.

Some risk factors of oral cancer, according to the National Cancer Institute, include:

• Smoking/Tobacco Use: The use of cigarettes, cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco significantly increases the risk of oral cancer.

• Excessive Alcohol Intake: Heavy consumption of alcohol is a major risk factor, especially when combined with tobacco use.

• Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Infection with certain strains of HPV, particularly HPV-16, is linked to an increased risk of oral cancer.

• Gender: Men are more likely to develop oral cancer than women, possibly due to higher rates of tobacco and alcohol use.

• Age: The risk of oral cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in individuals over 40.

• Nutrition: A diet low in fruits and vegetables can contribute to a higher risk of developing oral cancer.

• Genetic Syndromes: Certain inherited genetic conditions can predispose individuals to oral cancer.

• Weak Immune System: A compromised immune system can increase susceptibility to various cancers, including oral cancer.

By recognizing these risk factors, individuals can take proactive steps to mitigate their risks and prioritize their oral health.

Signs and Symptoms of Oral Cancer

Recognizing the signs and symptoms of oral cancer is essential for early diagnosis and effective treatment. Below is an outline of the various indicators that may suggest the presence of oral cancer — helping individuals to identify potential issues and seek medical attention promptly. The National Cancer Institute notes that early detection can significantly improve treatment outcomes and increase the chances of a full recovery.

Common signs and symptoms of oral cancer, according to the National Cancer Institute, includes:

• Loose Dental Pieces: Teeth that become loose without any apparent reason can be a sign of underlying oral cancer affecting the jawbone or gums.

• Sores That Do Not Heal: Persistent sores or ulcers in the mouth that do not heal within two weeks should be examined by a healthcare professional.

• Painful/Difficult Swallowing: Difficulty or pain when swallowing can indicate a tumor in the throat or mouth.

• Unexplained Mouth Bleeding: Bleeding from the mouth without an obvious cause can be a warning sign of oral cancer.

• Voice Changes: Hoarseness or other changes in the voice may occur if cancer affects the vocal cords or surrounding areas.

• White/Reddish Patches in the Mouth: The presence of white (leukoplakia) or red (erythroplakia) patches in the mouth can be precancerous conditions or signs of oral cancer.

• Unintentional Weight Loss: Sudden, unexplained weight loss can be a general symptom of cancer, including oral cancer.

• Ear and Mouth Pain: Persistent pain in the ear or mouth can be an indicator of oral cancer, especially if it does not respond to standard treatments.

Oral Cancer Diagnosis

Accurate diagnosis is a critical step in the effective treatment of oral cancer, according to the National Cancer Institute. This section will explore the various diagnostic methods used by healthcare professionals to confirm the presence of oral cancer and determine its stage and extent. Understanding these diagnostic techniques can help patients and their families better prepare for the medical evaluations and procedures involved in diagnosing this condition.

Common testing used to diagnose oral cancer includes:

• Incisional Biopsy: In this procedure, a small sample of tissue is surgically removed from the suspicious area for microscopic examination. This is often considered the gold standard for diagnosing oral cancer.

• Needle Aspiration: This minimally invasive technique involves using a thin needle to extract cells or fluid from a lump or mass in the mouth or neck. The sample is then analyzed to detect cancer cells.

• Oral Brush Biopsy: This less invasive method uses a small brush to collect cells from the surface of a suspicious lesion. The collected cells are examined under a microscope to identify any abnormalities.

According to the National Cancer Institute, with these diagnostic methods, healthcare providers can accurately identify oral cancer and develop a tailored treatment plan to address the patient's specific needs.

Treatments for Oral Cancer

Once oral cancer is diagnosed, selecting the appropriate treatment is crucial for effective management and recovery. Various treatment options are available for oral cancer, each tailored to address the specific type, stage, and location of the cancer, according to the National Cancer Institute. They explain that understanding these treatments can help patients and their families make informed decisions and collaborate closely with their healthcare team to develop a comprehensive treatment plan.

Some common treatment options for oral cancer, according to the National Cancer Institute, includes:

• Radiation Therapy: This treatment uses high-energy beams, such as X-rays, to target and destroy cancer cells. It is often used in conjunction with other treatments to minimize the risk of recurrence.

• Surgery: Surgical procedures aim to remove the cancerous tissue and may involve excising a portion of the mouth, throat, or affected lymph nodes. Surgery is often the first line of treatment for localized tumors.

• Targeted Therapy: This approach involves using drugs that specifically target cancer cells without affecting normal cells. Targeted therapy can be used alone or in combination with other treatments to enhance effectiveness.

• Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses powerful drugs to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. It is often used in combination with radiation therapy or surgery to treat more advanced stages of oral cancer.

• Medication: Medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms, reduce pain, and address side effects related to other treatments. These can include pain relievers, anti-nausea drugs, and other supportive care medications.

• Immunotherapy: This innovative treatment helps boost the body's immune system to recognize and fight cancer cells more effectively. Immunotherapy is particularly useful for cancers that have not responded well to other treatments.

By exploring these treatment options, the National Cancer Institute explains that patients and their healthcare providers can develop a personalized strategy to combat oral cancer and improve the chances of a successful outcome.

When to See a Doctor

Recognizing when to seek medical attention is crucial for the early detection and effective treatment of oral cancer, according to the National Institutes of Health. They explain that people should see a doctor if they experience any persistent changes in their oral health that do not resolve within two weeks. This includes sores or ulcers in the mouth that do not heal, unexplained bleeding, or lumps and thickened areas in the mouth or throat. Difficulty swallowing, persistent ear or mouth pain, and changes in voice should also prompt a medical evaluation. Additionally, the appearance of white or red patches in the mouth, unexplained weight loss, and loose teeth without a clear cause are significant warning signs that should not be ignored.

Regular dental check-ups are also essential, as dentists can often detect early signs of oral cancer during routine examinations. If you have risk factors such as tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, or a history of HPV infection, it is particularly important to remain vigilant and seek medical advice promptly if any concerning symptoms arise.